Ephedra (Ephedra sinica, ma huang) is a fast-acting, warming respiratory stimulant best known for opening tight airways and clearing heavy nasal/chest congestion. Traditionally, in Chinese medicine, it’s used to “release the exterior” in wind-cold patterns and to relieve wheeze, often paired with cinnamon twig or apricot kernel (e.g., Ma Huang Tang, Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang) to balance its punch. The green stems contain ephedrine-type alkaloids that promote bronchodilation, mild diuresis, and a noticeable sympathetic lift; energetically, it’s pungent, slightly bitter, warm, and drying.

Because of its potency, modern use is highly restricted in many countries. It’s not appropriate for heat/excess presentations unless carefully combined, and is contraindicated with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, hyperthyroidism, glaucoma, pregnancy/lactation, and alongside other stimulants (including high caffeine) or MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors). In clinical teaching, it’s a valuable example of precise, short-term, pattern-matched prescribing, carried out by trained practitioners in accordance with current legal guidance.